HPV-Related Cancers in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

This review assesses the burden of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH), aiming to inform strategies for prevention and early detection. Despite the availability of highly effective HPV vaccines and screening programs, HPV-related cancers remain a significant public health burden worldwide. We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and GLOBOCAN to identify all available data on HPV prevalence/genotype and HPV-related malignancies in BH, in- cluding information on HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening. A comprehensive literature search revealed limited data on HPV prevalence and HPV-related cancers, as well as the absence of a national HPV vaccination or cervical cancer screening program in BH. In the largest study with available data from BH, HPV prevalence was 43% among women undergoing routine gynecologic exams. HPV-16 was identified as the most common cause of cervical cancer. The HPV prevalence was 50% in head and neck cancer, with HPV-18 being the most prevalent subtype. HPV was detected in 80% of patients with colorectal cancer, and HPV-16 was the most common subtype.

Conclusions. HPV-related cancers, particularly cervical cancer, represent a signifi- cant public health problem in BH. Implementation of a national HPV vaccination program, along with organized cervical can- cer screening is essential to reduce HPV-related morbidity and mortality. Addressing systemic challenges, such as establishing a comprehensive cancer registry, is essential for effective HPV prevention and control. Raising public awareness about HPV infec- tion, its consequences, and the importance of prevention is essential for vaccine acceptance and promoting healthy behaviors. By investing in HPV prevention, BH can significantly improve the health and well-being of its population, particularly women.